Study of Adsorption Isotherms for Pb(II) and Cd(II) using Banana Peels as Adsorbent

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Abstract


This research work is based on the adsorption of toxic metals Pb(II) and Cd(II) on banana peels adsorbent. Batch adsorption process was applied relying upon analytical technique i.e. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The effects of adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, agitation speed and temperature on the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by banana peels were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to describe the observed sorption phenomenon. Both the isotherms were found to well represent the measured sorption phenomenon. The maximum Pb(II) removal was 8.17 mg of Pb(II) per gram of Banana peels and maximum Cd(II) removal was 0.60mg of Cd(II) per gram of Banana peels as evaluated from Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The optimized conditions found for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal were adsorbent dosage:3.5g, time:20minutes, agitation speed:150rpm, temperature:70oC and pH for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal was 4 and 1 respectively. Hence it is proposed that banana peels can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of toxic metals like Pb(II) and Cd(II) from industrial effluents and for waste water treatment.


1. Introduction

1.1. Water

Water is a common chemical substancethat is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, waterrefers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, iceand a gaseousstate, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[1] On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air) and precipitation.[2]  Saltwater oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4% and other land surface water such as rivers, lakesand ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. Other water is trapped in ice caps, glaciers, aquifers or in lakes, sometimes providing fresh water for life on land.[3]

1.2. Water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of waterbodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants that live in these water bodies.                                                                                                     
Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.[4, 5]                                                                               
In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in countries, industrialized continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres and 32 percent of assessed bayand estuarine square miles were classified as polluted.[6]

1.3. Water pollution categories

Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated.[7] Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

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